While Western and Asian nations have long refined their legislative processes to meet contemporary demands, African parliaments are steadily adapting their frameworks to foster inclusive governance, digital efficiency, and socio-political stability. This transformation signifies a profound evolution in Africa’s democratic institutions as they strive to overcome historical challenges and align with global best practices.

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A global perspective reveals that parliamentary evolution is often driven by economic imperatives, citizen engagement, and technological advancements. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), more than 68% of national parliaments worldwide have digitised their operations, enabling virtual sessions, e-legislation, and real-time public participation. In the United States, Congress has incorporated artificial intelligence (AI) into legislative drafting and policy analysis, expediting decision-making processes. Similarly, the European Parliament has adopted stringent transparency measures, allowing citizens to scrutinise legislative proceedings through open-access platforms.

In Asia, Singapore’s e-Parliament initiative exemplifies how digital governance can enhance legislative efficiency. However, Africa’s legislative landscape presents a unique case. As of 2023, only 40% of African parliaments had fully digitised legislative processes, with South Africa, Rwanda, and Kenya leading the way in adopting e-governance tools. The continent faces significant gaps in technological infrastructure, legal reforms, and parliamentary independence, yet several case studies highlight commendable progress.

African parliaments are increasingly asserting themselves in governance, addressing contemporary challenges such as youth unemployment, climate change, and cybersecurity. In Nigeria, the National Assembly’s passage of the Start-Up Act in 2022 illustrates how legislative bodies are fostering innovation-led economic growth. The law, aimed at supporting tech entrepreneurs, aligns Nigeria with global trends in digital economy policies.

Meanwhile, Ghana’s parliament has played a crucial role in enacting policies to curb illegal mining, tackling environmental degradation through strict legal frameworks. Rwanda’s parliament has gone further by leveraging artificial intelligence to streamline legislative research and deliberations, setting a precedent for digital governance across the continent. These examples indicate that African legislatures are not only responding to present challenges but are also shaping the future of governance through proactive policymaking.

One of the most critical areas of parliamentary evolution in Africa is electoral reform. Historically, electoral disputes have plagued many African democracies, undermining stability and development. However, there is a growing trend of legislative interventions to ensure free, fair, and credible elections. Kenya’s 2022 electoral process, largely upheld as transparent, was significantly influenced by legal frameworks established by the Kenyan Parliament. By integrating biometric voter registration and real-time results transmission, Kenya’s legislature demonstrated how legal innovation could enhance electoral integrity. In contrast, Zimbabwe’s parliament has struggled to implement comprehensive electoral reforms, highlighting the uneven progress in democratic evolution across the continent.

Security legislation has also taken centre stage as African nations grapple with terrorism, cyber threats, and cross-border conflicts. The rise of militant groups such as Boko Haram in Nigeria, Al-Shabaab in Somalia, and armed insurgencies in the Sahel region has prompted legislative bodies to enact stringent counterterrorism laws. Nigeria’s 2011 Anti-Terrorism Act, which has undergone multiple amendments, showcases how parliaments are adapting to evolving security challenges. Similarly, the African Union’s (AU) emphasis on legislative collaboration among member states to combat terrorism reflects the growing role of parliaments in regional security frameworks.

Economic governance is another defining aspect of Africa’s parliamentary transformation. With the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement in full swing, legislative bodies across the continent are harmonising trade policies to facilitate seamless intra-African commerce. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), AfCFTA could boost intra-African trade by 52% by 2025, provided that national parliaments align their legislative frameworks with regional economic goals. South Africa’s parliament has played a leading role in aligning national policies with AfCFTA objectives, demonstrating the potential of legislative harmonisation in fostering economic growth.

Beyond economic and security concerns, African parliaments are addressing gender inclusivity and human rights. Countries such as Rwanda and Ethiopia have set global benchmarks in gender representation, with women holding over 60% and 50% of parliamentary seats, respectively. This shift signifies a broader recognition of gender equity as a legislative priority. However, challenges remain, as nations like Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo struggle with restrictive policies that hinder women’s political participation.

As African parliaments continue to evolve, the key to sustained progress lies in institutional strengthening, technological integration, and regional cooperation. Lessons drawn from global legislative trends can serve as a blueprint for Africa’s parliamentary future. While significant strides have been made, the road ahead requires deliberate reforms, robust public engagement, and unwavering commitment to democratic principles. In an era defined by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, Africa’s legislatures stand at the crossroads of transformation, poised to redefine governance for generations to come.

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The stakes are high. Africa’s collective GDP exceeds $3.4 trillion, and AfCFTA aims to create a single market of 1.2 billion people, potentially making it the world’s largest free trade area. If properly implemented, it could boost intra-African trade by over 52% by 2035, creating a powerful economic bloc capable of competing globally. However, the path to integration is complicated by long-standing issues of nationalism, protectionist policies, and economic disparities between member states.

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For decades, Africa has struggled with fragmented markets, making intra-African trade dismally low at just 15% of total trade, compared to 68% in Europe and 58% in Asia. This is largely due to colonial-era economic structures that left African nations trading more with former colonial powers than with their neighbours. AfCFTA seeks to break these barriers by eliminating tariffs on 90% of goods, standardising trade regulations, and fostering a unified industrial base that allows African businesses to scale up.

According to the World Bank, full implementation of AfCFTA could boost regional income by 7% and add $450 billion to Africa’s economy by 2035, lifting 30 million people out of extreme poverty. Manufacturing, which currently accounts for just 10% of Africa’s exports, is expected to expand, reducing the continent’s dependence on raw material exports. The economic logic is clear: regional integration would enhance African industries’ global competitiveness and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) into sectors such as technology, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Nationalism as a Double-Edged Sword

Despite the economic benefits of integration, many African nations remain reluctant to fully commit, citing concerns over national sovereignty and economic control. A major concern is the fear of unfair competition. For instance, Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, initially hesitated to sign AfCFTA, worried it would flood the country with foreign goods and undermine local industries. Similarly, South Africa, the continent’s second-largest economy, has been cautious about fully opening its labour market, fearing job losses for its citizens.

Another significant issue is revenue loss. Many African governments rely heavily on import duties, which account for up to 30% of government earnings in some countries. Eliminating tariffs under AfCFTA means these nations must find alternative revenue sources, a transition not all governments are prepared for.

Economic nationalism is also fuelled by a history of unfulfilled trade agreements. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has struggled with compliance, as member states frequently impose unilateral trade restrictions despite the bloc’s vision of a common market. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has faced similar challenges, with nations like South Africa prioritising trade with Europe and China over regional trade. These setbacks make many governments hesitant to surrender control to a broader continental agreement.

The Role of Regional Blocs

Africa’s regional economic communities (RECs) have long been seen as the building blocks of continental integration, but their effectiveness has been mixed. The East African Community (EAC) has had some success, reducing trade costs by 30% through improved infrastructure and streamlined customs regulations. In contrast, ECOWAS and SADC have struggled with conflicting policies, leading to inefficiencies and slow progress in trade liberalisation.

One of the biggest hurdles is the overlapping memberships of African countries in multiple regional blocs, creating regulatory confusion. A country like Kenya, for example, belongs to both the EAC and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), which have different trade rules. This fragmentation dilutes the effectiveness of economic agreements and slows down integration efforts.

Can Africa Integrate Without Losing Sovereignty?

A realistic approach to economic integration must acknowledge national interests while finding common ground for regional cooperation. A “flexible integration” model, where countries adopt AfCFTA provisions at their own pace, could help ease the transition. Instead of enforcing blanket policies, member states could prioritise sectors that align with their economic strengths while protecting vulnerable industries.

Strategic industrial policies will also be key. Only 10% of Africa’s exports are manufactured goods, compared to 70% in Europe, highlighting the need for coordinated industrialisation efforts. Rather than competing, African countries should focus on complementing each other’s strengths. For instance, Ethiopia’s strong textile industry could supply raw materials for garment factories in West Africa, creating a regional supply chain.

Reducing trade barriers is another critical step. Africa’s average import cost of $2,492 per container is nearly triple that of East Asia due to bureaucratic customs procedures. Simplifying trade regulations and improving port efficiency would drastically lower costs and make intra-African trade more competitive.

Investment in infrastructure is also crucial. The continent faces an annual infrastructure funding gap of $68 billion to $108 billion, making transportation and logistics expensive. Improved road networks, railways, and energy supply would reduce costs and enhance trade within Africa.

The Future of African Economic Unity

Africa’s economic future depends on its ability to balance regional integration with national sovereignty. While nationalism serves a protective function, excessive economic isolationism could leave African economies vulnerable to external pressures from global economic giants like China, the US, and the EU. AfCFTA offers an opportunity to create a self-sustaining economic ecosystem that reduces reliance on foreign markets.

The journey towards economic unity will be challenging, but Africa must decide whether to continue as a collection of fragmented economies or rise as a formidable economic powerhouse. The potential reward is massive—$4 trillion in consumer and business spending is at stake.

Economic unity is like weaving a grand African tapestry. Each nation contributes its unique thread, ensuring the fabric is strong and vibrant. But if some threads refuse to intertwine, the fabric weakens. The challenge is not whether Africa should integrate, but how to do so while preserving its unique identities. If leaders can strike the right balance, Africa could become a global economic force, shaping its own destiny instead of being shaped by others.

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The “America First” policy

The America First policy, a cornerstone of Donald Trump’s presidency, aimed to prioritise American interests, security, and prosperity above all else. Rooted in populist and nationalist ideologies, it sought to redefine America’s role in the world.

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At its core, America First emphasised the need to protect American jobs, industries, and borders. The Trump administration implemented various measures to achieve this goal, including:

Trade protectionism: Imposing tariffs on imported goods to shield American industries and promote domestic production.

Immigration reform: Restricting immigration, particularly from certain countries, to protect American jobs and national security.

Border security: Strengthening border controls, including the construction of a wall along the US-Mexico border.

In terms of foreign policy, America First marked a significant shift away from traditional US leadership in global affairs. Key actions included:

Withdrawal from international agreements: The US exited several agreements, including the Paris Climate Accord and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Prioritisation of bilateral relations: The administration focused on building relationships with individual countries rather than participating in multilateral forums.

Emphasis on national sovereignty: The US asserted its independence, often at the expense of international cooperation and institutions.

Critics argued that America First led to increased isolationism, undermined global stability, and damaged relationships with long-standing allies. Supporters, however, viewed it as a necessary correction to years of US overextension and a reassertion of American interests.

Impact on African migration

African migrants were significantly affected by Trump’s immigration policies. The administration’s travel ban targeted several African countries, including Somalia, Sudan, and Libya, and was widely criticised for being discriminatory and ineffective.

The visa bond pilot programme, which required applicants from certain African countries to pay a bond of up to $15,000, further restricted access. Though designed to reduce visa overstays, it effectively barred many Africans from visiting the US.

Economic implications

Trump’s immigration policies had substantial economic consequences for Africa. The reduction in refugee admissions and the travel ban affected not only migrants but also broader economies. Many African countries rely heavily on remittances from diaspora communities, and these policies reduced the flow of funds.

Furthermore, the America First policy led to a decline in US investment in Africa. The administration’s focus on domestic economic growth and job creation resulted in a reduction in foreign aid and investment, negatively impacting African economies. The economic impact of Trump’s deportation policies could be felt in several ways:

Remittances: African immigrants in the US send billions of dollars home each year. Deportations could lead to a decline in these funds, a critical source of income for many families.

Foreign investment: A reduction in US investment could create uncertainty in African economies, discouraging business expansion and foreign partnerships.

Trade: African countries could experience a decline in exports to the US as American businesses become more hesitant to engage in trade.

Human capital: Deportations could result in a loss of skilled and educated individuals, affecting sectors reliant on specialised expertise.

Brain drain: Africa already faces a brain drain problem, and deportations could exacerbate the loss of highly skilled professionals.

Loss of tax revenue: Deportees would no longer contribute to tax bases, potentially straining public resources in their home countries.

Disruption of supply chains: Industries that depend on immigrant labour, such as agriculture and construction, could experience labour shortages.

Some African countries likely to feel the economic impact of Trump’s deportation policies include:

Nigeria: One of the largest recipients of remittances from the US, Nigerians in the US sent over $6 billion home in 2020. Deportations could lead to a significant decline in these remittances. Africa Leadership Magazine reported that over 3,000 Nigerians in the US faced deportation under Trump’s crackdown on illegal immigrants.

Ethiopia: A fast-growing economy with a growing diaspora community in the US, Ethiopia could see a disruption in remittance flows and investment, slowing economic growth.

South Africa: With a substantial diaspora community in the US, South Africa risks losing skilled professionals in finance, technology, and healthcare, affecting economic growth and competitiveness.

Social implications

Trump’s immigration policies also had significant social consequences for Africa. The travel ban and visa restrictions led to a decline in cultural exchange programmes and educational opportunities for African students. This not only affected the students but also had a broader impact on African societies, which rely on education and cultural exchange for development.

Moreover, Trump’s policies contributed to an increase in xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment in the US, negatively impacting African diaspora communities, who faced rising discrimination and harassment.

Donald Trump’s immigration policies had far-reaching implications for Africa. The America First policy, travel ban, visa restrictions, and reduction in refugee admissions negatively impacted African migrants, economies, and societies.

As the US continues to grapple with immigration policy, it is essential to consider the broader global implications. A more inclusive and equitable approach to immigration is necessary to foster economic growth, cultural exchange, and social justice.

Global policy experts strongly advise the US government to reconsider its immigration approach, prioritising inclusivity and equity. They advocate for an immediate suspension of the travel ban and visa restrictions while calling for an increase in refugee admissions.

By adopting a more inclusive immigration policy, the US can not only promote economic growth and cultural exchange but also strengthen its role in fostering global stability and cooperation.

The post How Trump’s immigration policy will impact Africa appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Justice for Africa is not merely a slogan; it is a call to action that echoed powerfully in Addis Ababa during the 46th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union (AU). At the heart of this gathering was a defining message: reparations for Africans and people of African descent are both a moral imperative and an economic necessity. This session on reparative justice highlighted Africa’s enduring colonial scars and the pressing need to address historical and systemic injustices.

Mr. Claver Gatete, United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), delivered a compelling address on the structural inequalities that continue to hinder Africa’s economic growth. From the transatlantic slave trade to colonial-era resource extraction, Africa has suffered relentless economic dispossession. Yet, paradoxically, it remains one of the world’s most resource-rich continents. It holds 30% of the world’s mineral reserves, 40% of its gold, and up to 90% of its chromium and platinum. Additionally, 65% of the world’s arable land lies within its borders. Despite these vast resources, Africa accounts for less than 3% of global trade and only 1% of global manufacturing output—an economic imbalance that calls for urgent redress.

The historical context of this economic injustice is deeply rooted in Africa’s past. The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, orchestrated by European powers, led to the arbitrary partitioning of the continent, disregarding existing ethnic and political boundaries. This facilitated a system of forced labour and ruthless exploitation of Africa’s wealth. Under King Leopold II’s rule, for example, an estimated 10 million Congolese perished between 1885 and 1908 due to brutal colonial policies in the Congo Free State.

Similarly, the transatlantic slave trade, spanning the 16th to 19th centuries, forcibly removed millions of Africans from their homeland, stripping the continent of its human capital and leaving a legacy of suffering. The effects of these atrocities persist today in the form of systemic racism and global economic disparities.

The injustice extends beyond historical exploitation. Africa remains significantly under-represented in international financial institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), for instance, allots the entire African continent the same voting share as Germany, despite its 54 sovereign nations. Additionally, biased credit rating systems label most African economies as high-risk, increasing borrowing costs and deepening cycles of debt.

One of the most striking economic paradoxes discussed during the session was Africa’s disproportionate burden in the fight against climate change. Despite contributing the least to global carbon emissions, Africa bears the brunt of climate disasters, losing up to 5% of its GDP to climate-related damages annually. Yet, from the US$10 trillion invested globally in clean energy between 2015 and 2022, Africa received just 2%. This glaring disparity underscores the need for equitable climate financing mechanisms that recognise Africa’s vulnerabilities and provide substantial funding for adaptation and mitigation.

To address these injustices, Mr. Gatete outlined five crucial pathways:

1. Reforming the Global Financial System—Advocating for debt restructuring, fair credit assessments, and greater African representation in global financial decision-making.
2. Harnessing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)—Strengthening intra-African trade, industrialisation, and regional value chains in a market of 1.5 billion people with a combined GDP of over US$3 trillion.
3. Maximising Resource Value Addition—Shifting from raw material exports to local processing industries that create jobs and economic growth for Africans.
4. Engaging the African Diaspora—Mobilising the global African community for economic investment, cultural partnerships, and heritage-based initiatives.
5. Fostering Free Movement and Regional Integration—Implementing the AU Protocol on Free Movement of Persons to unlock economic opportunities and unity.

Justice for Africa is not just about historical reparations—it is about reclaiming economic sovereignty, securing fair access to global markets, and dismantling structures that sustain African dependency. As Africa asserts its rightful place on the world stage, the AU’s commitment to reparative justice serves as both a rallying cry and a strategic blueprint. The time for action is now, and the world must listen.

King Richard Igimoh is an award-winning communication strategist with over two decades of experience in the field. He excels in Diplomacy, Journalism, Economic and International Affairs. As the Group Editor and a key member of the management team at the African Leadership Organisation, he continues to contribute significantly to promoting Africa’s dignity and opportunities globally

The post Africa: A Call for Reparations and Economic Sovereignty appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Today, despite decades of independence, Africa’s political map still reflects this imposed fragmentation, stifling the dream of true unity. According to the African Union (AU), intra-African trade accounts for just 16% of the continent’s total trade volume—a stark contrast to Europe’s 68% and Asia’s 59%. This is not just a statistic; it is a reality that defines Africa’s fractured economic and political landscape.

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African Union or African Disunion?

The AU, established in 2001 to replace the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), was envisioned as the bedrock for African solidarity. Yet, two decades later, the vision of a politically and economically integrated Africa remains elusive. While the AU has made strides in conflict resolution, notably in the Central African Republic and Sudan, its efforts are frequently hamstrung by nationalistic interests and external interference.

The 2019 signing of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) was heralded as a game-changer, promising a $3.4 trillion economic bloc (World Bank, 2021). However, logistical barriers, infrastructural deficits, and policy inconsistencies continue to hinder its full implementation. With only 47 out of 54 African nations having ratified the agreement (UNECA, 2024), scepticism lingers over whether Africa’s leaders are genuinely committed to dissolving the economic borders that inhibit progress.

Economic Fragmentation

Despite their collective wealth in natural resources, African economies remain fragmented. The lack of regional economic integration exacerbates Africa’s vulnerability to external shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed this harsh reality, as African nations struggled to secure medical supplies due to over-reliance on foreign imports.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) reported that Africa’s share in global trade remains at a dismal 2.7% (2023), a telling sign of the continent’s failure to harness its collective strength. In contrast, China, a single country, commands over 12% of global trade. This economic isolation is reinforced by infrastructural inadequacies; the African Development Bank (AfDB) estimates that Africa requires $130-$170 billion annually in infrastructure investments to bridge this gap. Without a unified economic strategy, Africa remains a patchwork of struggling economies rather than a formidable global player.

Political Fragmentation

African unity is further undermined by political fragmentation. Borders, drawn by European rulers with little regard for African realities, continue to ignite ethnic and territorial conflicts. The Tigray conflict in Ethiopia, the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon, and the perennial instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) all bear the imprint of colonial border legacies. According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), Africa accounted for over 37% of global conflict events in 2023.

Despite initiatives such as the AU’s “Silencing the Guns” agenda, political instability remains a formidable roadblock to unity. Without addressing the underlying causes of these conflicts, many of which stem from historical injustices tied to borders, Africa will struggle to achieve genuine unity.

The Cultural Paradox

Africa is a continent of deep cultural connectivity. With over 2,000 languages spoken and shared historical narratives, the foundation for unity is stronger than its artificial borders suggest. The Swahili language, spoken by over 200 million people, has been championed as a potential unifying linguistic bridge (UNESCO, 2023). Yet, linguistic divisions, reinforced by colonial legacies, persist. Francophone, Anglophone, and Lusophone nations often engage more with their former colonial masters than with their African neighbours.

The push for cultural re-Africanisation, including initiatives to revive indigenous governance systems and promote pan-African education, remains an untapped resource in forging a truly united continent.

Between Idealism and Pragmatism

Can Africa ever achieve true unity? The answer lies in a blend of idealism and pragmatism. A complete erasure of borders is unrealistic; however, redefining these borders to transform them from barriers into bridges is achievable. Economic integration through full implementation of AfCFTA, political coordination through stronger AU governance mechanisms, and infrastructural interconnectivity via projects like the Trans-African Highway Network (AU, 2023) can pave the way for a more unified Africa.
Moreover, decolonising the African mindset—embracing an identity beyond imposed nationalities and fostering a pan-African consciousness—is essential.

The Dawn of a Borderless Mindset

As Africa stands at the crossroads of unity and fragmentation, the need for a borderless mindset is more critical than ever. An African proverb reminds us that when spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion. If African nations can weave together their economies, policies, and cultures, they can subdue the lion of disunity that has long hindered progress.

True unity may not mean the dissolution of borders but rather transcending them—a unity not just of geography but of purpose, vision, and destiny.

The question remains: will Africa rise above the scars of colonial cartography and chart a new path for itself? The answer lies not in external interventions but in the collective will of its people and leaders to turn the dream of unity into reality.

The post Africa’s Fragmented Nations and the Quest for Unity appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Africa’s position on the BRICS stage has transformed the continent into a shimmering prize, laden with abundant resources and untapped potential. But Africa is no passive observer; it is an active contender reshaping its narrative. With a population surpassing 1.4 billion, a youthful workforce, and vast natural resources, the continent stands as a key chess piece in the emerging multipolar world order.

“Africa is not just the next frontier; it is the beating heart of the global south’s resurgence,” remarked a Nigerian economist during the 2024 BRICS Summit. This sentiment underscores Africa’s crucial role in driving the bloc’s ambitions to challenge Western hegemony.

BRICS’ decision to expand its membership underscores its ambitions to amplify its global influence. Nations like Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt are eyeing closer ties, seeking to benefit from the bloc’s economic muscle. Yet, expansion brings complexities. As BRICS grows, can it sustain its cohesion?

The bloc resembles a ship; each new member adds weight. Will this vessel sail smoothly into the waters of global transformation, or will its increasing burden slow it down?

China and Russia: The Architects of Influence

China and Russia dominate BRICS as both benefactors and strategists. Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has woven Africa’s infrastructure into its economic framework. Roads in Kenya, railways in Ethiopia, and ports in Djibouti are tangible symbols of this interconnected web. Yet critics caution against hidden debt traps beneath these opportunities.

Russia, too, plays a calculated hand. From security partnerships to arms deals, Moscow aims to win Africa’s trust amidst its confrontation with the West. For African nations, the challenge lies in determining whether these partnerships represent paths to prosperity or potential pitfalls.

Africa’s vast resources, from cobalt in the Congo to oil in Nigeria, are more than commodities—they are strategic assets. The global shift to green energy makes Africa indispensable, with its reserves of lithium and rare earth elements powering renewable ambitions.

But the continent’s leaders must tread carefully. Negotiating with BRICS requires a delicate balance between welcoming investments and safeguarding sovereignty. “We hold the cards, but playing them wisely is the real test,” cautioned an African Union delegate during recent trade talks.

What Africa Might Gain from BRICS

Africa stands to gain significantly from BRICS membership, particularly through access to capital and investment. The bloc’s financial strength, exemplified by the New Development Bank, offers funding for large-scale infrastructure, technology, and industrialisation projects vital for the continent’s development.

Additionally, Africa can benefit from technology transfers and partnerships in renewable energy, agriculture, and manufacturing, boosting local industries and digital infrastructure. Improved trade relations with BRICS nations open vast consumer markets for African exports, from agricultural products to minerals.

Collaboration with BRICS also strengthens Africa’s voice in global governance, offering a platform to advocate for greater representation in decision-making bodies such as the UN Security Council and the World Bank. Furthermore, BRICS’ focus on climate change and renewable energy aligns with Africa’s green energy potential, positioning the continent as a key player in sustainable development.

What Africa Brings to BRICS

Africa’s contributions to BRICS are substantial, starting with its vast reserves of natural resources, including gold, diamonds, oil, and rare earth minerals. These resources are essential for global manufacturing, energy, and technology, benefitting BRICS nations reliant on these supplies.

Africa’s growing population of over 1.4 billion offers a youthful, dynamic workforce poised to drive technological innovation and economic growth. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) fosters regional integration, creating a unified and competitive market that enhances trade and investment opportunities for BRICS.

Geopolitically, Africa’s strategic position and influence help BRICS expand its global reach, diversifying alliances and bolstering the push for a multipolar world order. These contributions not only strengthen BRICS but also enhance its economic and political leverage on the global stage.

A Battle of Giants

BRICS serves as a counterweight to Western-dominated institutions like the IMF and World Bank. For Africa, often sidelined in these global bodies, BRICS presents a promising ally in the push for reforms. The establishment of a BRICS development bank provides alternative funding sources for infrastructure and development.

However, the tug-of-war between the West and BRICS places Africa in a delicate position. Aligning with BRICS could unlock new opportunities but might also risk alienating traditional partners.

Will Africa’s Voice Grow Louder?

The story of Africa in BRICS is one of suspense. Can Africa’s leaders craft a unified strategy to amplify their voice, or will internal divisions weaken their influence on this global stage? As the bloc tackles critical issues such as climate change and digital security, Africa’s participation will undoubtedly shape the outcomes.

BRICS is more than an economic bloc; it is a vision for a new world order. Africa’s involvement offers a unique opportunity to lead rather than follow. From Rwanda’s pioneering energy initiatives to Nigeria’s push for tech-driven growth, African nations have the potential to redefine leadership within BRICS.

This is more than geopolitics, it is the crafting of history. In the grand game of geopolitics, the cards are dealt, but the game is far from over. The question remains: will Africa play its hand boldly or cautiously?. The answer will not lie in boardrooms and summits, but in the hearts and ambitions of a continent ready to rise.

The post BRICS, Geopolitics, and Africa: Who Holds the Cards? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Historically regarded as a source of raw materials, Africa is now shaping its destiny by leveraging its youthful population, expanding markets, and transformative policies. By 2030, consumer spending across the continent is projected to surpass $2.5 trillion, making Africa an increasingly attractive destination for investment. As a Nigerian proverb aptly puts it, “A bird does not change its feathers in flight.” Africa’s ability to adapt while retaining its unique identity is central to its partnerships with emerging economies.

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In 2024, African nations are expected to dominate the list of the world’s fastest-growing economies, with countries such as Niger, Senegal, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) leading the way. These nations are achieving growth rates exceeding 5%, driven by infrastructure development, resource diversification, and strategic investments in energy and agriculture. For example, Rwanda’s private sector consumption and investments remain key pillars of its steady economic progress, with growth projected at 7.2% in 2024.

The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) forecasts the continent’s GDP growth to rise from 2.8% in 2023 to 3.5% in 2024, with further growth to 4.1% by 2025. However, to meet the ambitious targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Agenda 2063, Africa must accelerate its growth rates.

Emerging Economies

Africa’s engagement with countries such as China, India, and Brazil is redefining traditional economic partnerships. These nations offer not only financial investments but also knowledge transfer and technological expertise. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), for example, has directed billions into African infrastructure projects, including roads, ports, and energy plants. By 2023, Chinese investments in Africa had exceeded $300 billion, with a focus on renewable energy and digital transformation.

India, often referred to as the “pharmacy of the world,” has strengthened its pharmaceutical exports to Africa, addressing critical healthcare challenges. Additionally, India has committed to collaborative initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, where African nations play a key role.

AfCFTA: A Gateway to Integration

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a historic endeavour to transform Africa into a single market, fostering intra-African trade and reducing dependence on external economies. The agreement has already increased trade within the continent by 20%, with projections suggesting it could add $450 billion to Africa’s GDP by 2035. As a Zambian proverb aptly states, “When you run alone, you run fast. When you run together, you run far.” This spirit of unity underpins the potential of the AfCFTA.

The Green Revolution

Africa is positioning itself at the forefront of the global renewable energy revolution. With 60% of the world’s best solar resources located on the continent, nations such as Egypt, Morocco, and South Africa are rapidly expanding their renewable energy capacities. Rwanda, for example, has pioneered solar microgrids, bringing electricity to thousands of rural households.
The transition to green energy is supported by international partnerships. For instance, the European Union and the African Union have initiated collaborations worth €150 billion under the Global Gateway Africa-Europe Investment Package.

Despite these advancements, Africa faces significant challenges, including rising debt, climate change, and geopolitical instability. The continent’s debt-to-GDP ratio is approaching 60%, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability. Additionally, the adverse effects of climate change threaten key sectors such as agriculture and tourism.

Africa’s Leadership in a Multipolar World

Africa’s engagement with emerging economies is not merely transactional but transformational. As Nigerian statesman Nnamdi Azikiwe once remarked, “Originality is the essence of true scholarship. Creativity is the soul of the true scholar.” Africa’s leaders must chart a path that prioritises creativity, sustainability, and inclusivity.
The recent Cambridge Africa Business Conference underscored the importance of leveraging education, technology, and strategic alliances to amplify Africa’s global influence.

The partnerships between Africa and emerging global economies mark the beginning of a new chapter—one that balances mutual interests with Africa’s aspirations for autonomy. By embracing innovation, integrating its markets, and fostering sustainable partnerships, Africa is poised not only to participate in the global economy but also to shape its future.
As an African proverb puts it, “If you want to go far, go together.” Africa’s journey with emerging economies exemplifies this ethos, a collaborative stride towards an era of shared prosperity.

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Cultural diplomacy is defined as the use of cultural assets, including art, language, heritage, and traditions, to foster international understanding. In Africa, this approach reflects the continent’s distinctive strategy towards global engagement. With over 2,000 languages and countless customs across 54 countries, Africa’s diversity presents unmatched opportunities for fostering meaningful cross-cultural connections. The African Union’s Agenda 2063 underscores culture as both a unifying element and a catalyst for economic growth, envisioning a future where African culture forms the foundation of continental integration and global collaboration.

READ ALSO: Cultural Diplomacy: Africa’s Soft Power Redefining Global Influence

For Africa, cultural diplomacy transcends mere aesthetics; it is a strategic instrument for redefining narratives that have historically depicted the continent negatively. By emphasising its rich traditions, dynamic arts, and innovative contributions to global culture, African countries are dismantling stereotypes and promoting a more nuanced understanding of their identities.

The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Africa’s Foreign Relations

Africa has often been characterised in global media by poverty, conflict, and underdevelopment. Cultural diplomacy offers African nations a means of countering these narratives by highlighting their achievements, resilience, and contributions to global civilisation. Initiatives such as the Pan-African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) and Lagos’ annual Afrobeat festivals showcase the vibrant creativity and innovation thriving across the continent.

Through cultural exchange programmes, African countries are cultivating stronger ties with global powers and regional neighbours. The African Union has integrated cultural diplomacy into its Agenda 2063, recognising the pivotal role of arts, heritage, and culture in promoting development and unity.

Nigeria’s “Nollywood” film industry exemplifies the potential of cultural exports in enhancing foreign relations. As the second-largest film industry globally, Nollywood’s international reach has elevated Nigeria’s global profile while opening avenues for economic partnerships and tourism.

Within the continent, cultural diplomacy also acts as a unifying force. Events such as the All-Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) and the African Fashion Week celebrate shared cultural heritage, fostering a sense of pan-African identity and solidarity. These events not only strengthen intra-African ties but also attract global audiences, boosting Africa’s soft power.

Cultural Diplomacy in Action

Ethiopia: Coffee Diplomacy

Ethiopia, widely regarded as the birthplace of coffee, has skilfully utilised its coffee culture as a diplomatic tool. The country’s participation in international coffee expos and cultural festivals has bolstered its economy and reinforced its relationships with major coffee-importing nations, including the United States and various European countries. The Ethiopian coffee ceremony, a hallmark of the nation’s heritage, increasingly features in diplomatic events, symbolising hospitality and cultural pride.

South Africa: Sporting Diplomacy

South Africa has leveraged the unifying power of sport as a form of cultural diplomacy. The successful hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup was a landmark achievement that showcased the country’s organisational capability and cultural vibrancy. The event provided a unique platform for celebrating African heritage on the global stage, fostering goodwill and international cooperation.

Ghana: The Year of Return

In 2019, Ghana launched the “Year of Return” initiative, inviting the African diaspora to reconnect with their ancestral roots. This high-profile cultural diplomacy effort garnered significant global attention, attracting thousands of African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. The initiative generated over $1.9 billion in revenue, boosted tourism, and strengthened bonds between Africa and its diaspora.

Furthermore, Kenya’s Maasai communities have been actively involved in environmental conservation programmes, blending indigenous ecological knowledge with modern practices. These initiatives not only contribute to addressing global climate issues but also position Africa as a leader in sustainable development.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its successes, cultural diplomacy in Africa faces several challenges, including insufficient funding, limited coordination among countries, and a lack of global platforms to effectively showcase African culture. Overcoming these hurdles requires increased investment at both national and continental levels, as well as stronger collaboration with international partners.

Conversely, the growing global interest in African culture presents immense opportunities. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) offers a promising platform for promoting intra-African cultural exchanges, while digital platforms such as YouTube and TikTok amplify African voices and creativity to a worldwide audience.

Conclusion

Cultural diplomacy is a powerful instrument for advancing Africa’s foreign relations, reshaping its international image, and fostering continental unity. By embracing and strategically leveraging its cultural wealth, Africa is not only enhancing its global standing but also paving the way for a future in which its narratives, values, and contributions are fully acknowledged. As African nations continue to invest in cultural diplomacy, the continent is well-positioned to redefine its relationships with the rest of the world and embark on a path of mutual respect, collaboration, and shared prosperity.

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Born and raised in Plateau State, Nshe’s upbringing instilled in him a strong sense of purpose and an early desire to contribute to his community. While specific details about his education remain scarce, his achievements in governance point to a leader with exceptional practical knowledge and an unrelenting drive for progress.

Nshe’s political career has been a steady ascent, characterised by a deep connection with the grassroots. His repeated elections and appointments as Chairman of Shendam Local Government Area attest to the trust he has garnered over the years. In every capacity, he has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to the betterment of Shendam, a legacy evident in his infrastructure initiatives. One of his most celebrated projects was the installation of over 400 boreholes during his earlier terms, addressing a critical water scarcity issue and significantly enhancing the quality of life for the people. Yet, this achievement was marred by the neglect of subsequent administrations, leaving much of the infrastructure in disrepair. When Nshe returned as Transition Committee Chairman, he immediately prioritised the rehabilitation of these boreholes, showcasing his dedication to sustainable and practical solutions.

But Nshe’s leadership extends beyond infrastructure. Insecurity has long plagued Shendam, as it has many regions in Nigeria, with issues ranging from kidnappings to other criminal activities disrupting daily life. Nshe tackled these challenges head-on, partnering with law enforcement and local leaders to implement proactive measures that have substantially reduced crime in the area. His firm stance against criminal elements, reinforced by his actions, has restored a sense of safety to Shendam. Residents now speak of a renewed confidence, a testament to his leadership’s positive impact on the community’s psyche.

Equally noteworthy is Nshe’s approach to social welfare. His leadership style is inclusive, valuing the input and participation of all stakeholders—traditional leaders, youth groups, women’s associations, and religious figures. This collaborative ethos has not only strengthened community ties but has also driven meaningful interventions. A prime example was his distribution of food supplies during the festive season, an act that provided much-needed relief to families and fostered communal unity. These gestures, while seemingly small, underline Nshe’s deep empathy and his commitment to the well-being of his constituents.

However, Nshe’s path has not been without obstacles. His assumption of office as Transition Committee Chairman was met with resistance from loyalists of his predecessor, Hon. Alex Nantuam. Efforts to prevent his inauguration were swiftly quelled by the support of security forces and the overwhelming backing of his party, the PDP. Such challenges might have derailed a less determined leader, but Nshe’s resilience and focus on his mission carried him through. He has since dedicated himself to reuniting a divided Shendam, fostering a sense of common purpose among its people, and ensuring that development takes precedence over political squabbles.

Hon Kemi Nshe, Executive Chairman, Shendam LGA, Plateau state, Nigeria

Nshe’s vision for Shendam is clear: a thriving, secure, and inclusive community where every resident has the opportunity to succeed. His leadership priorities—restoring and maintaining vital infrastructure, enhancing security, and fostering economic development—reflect a holistic approach to governance that aims to address both immediate needs and long-term aspirations. By creating an environment conducive to growth, he hopes to inspire a new generation of leaders who will continue to build on his legacy.

As Nichokas Kemi Nshe’s tenure continues, his story becomes one of hope and inspiration, not just for the people of Shendam but for Plateau State and beyond.  His achievements serve as a powerful reminder that effective leadership requires more than just occupying a position of power; it demands a genuine commitment to making a difference in people’s lives. Through his actions, Nshe has proven that resilience, vision, and empathy are the cornerstones of impactful leadership. As Shendam reaps the benefits of his governance, Nshe’s legacy will endure as a beacon of what is possible when leaders prioritise their people above all else. No wonder he recently got a nomination as the African Local Government Leader of the Year.

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These trailblazers are not only shaping the continent’s future but also exporting African ingenuity to the world. Their stories form a tapestry of resilience, creativity, and ambition—a movement that breaks barriers, transcends borders, and redefines possibilities.

A 2024 report by the African Union Commission and the OECD highlights a critical gap: across 15 African countries, only 9% of youth aged 15–24 possess basic computer skills. Similarly, only 10% of the male workforce and 7% of the female workforce have these competencies. Enhancing digital literacy and technical expertise is essential for Africa to remain competitive in the global economy and to drive sustainable growth.

READ ALSO: Can Africa Achieve a STEM Education Revolution?

By 2030, young Africans are projected to constitute 42% of the global youth population and 75% of those under 35 within Africa. While this demographic boom presents an immense opportunity for economic growth, innovation, and job creation, it also underscores the pronounced skills gap in STEM fields—a challenge that must be addressed urgently.

To meet the growing demand for skilled professionals in engineering, healthcare, IT, and other vital sectors, Africa will require an additional 23 million STEM graduates by 2030 to fill key roles.

From Baobab Roots to Silicon Heights

African innovators in STEM draw inspiration from the continent’s rich traditions and inherent resilience. Like the sturdy baobab tree, their ideas are deeply rooted in African soil, yet their branches extend globally.

The late Dr Wangari Maathai, a Kenyan environmentalist and biologist, epitomised this ethos by blending scientific principles with grassroots activism. Her efforts earned Africa its first Nobel Peace Prize and continue to inspire scientists addressing climate change through green technology innovations.

In Ethiopia, Dr Segenet Kelemu, a molecular plant pathologist, has revolutionised agricultural science. As the first African woman to lead the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), she has tackled food insecurity by promoting eco-friendly pest control solutions, influencing agricultural research worldwide.

Guiding the Future

Across the continent, STEM icons illuminate the path for a new generation of thinkers and creators. Silas Adekunle, the Nigerian robotics engineer behind the world’s first gaming robot, is one such beacon. His company, Reach Robotics, redefined the intersection of robotics and entertainment, capturing the interest of investors globally.

In Rwanda, Paula Ingabire, Minister of ICT and Innovation, is steering the nation towards a digital renaissance. Initiatives like the Kigali Innovation City showcase Rwanda’s transformation into a technological hub, exemplifying how policy and science can synergise to drive economic growth.

Bridges of Knowledge

Africa’s STEM pioneers are bridge-builders, connecting local challenges to global opportunities. Dr Cheick Modibo Diarra, a Malian astrophysicist and former NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineer, exemplifies this spirit. His work on interplanetary missions, such as the Mars Pathfinder, inspires African youth to view the universe as a canvas for exploration. After his tenure at NASA, he returned to Africa to champion education and technology, proving that global impact and local development can coexist.

Similarly, in healthcare, Dr Ola Brown, founder of Flying Doctors Nigeria, is closing critical healthcare gaps through aviation. Her air ambulance services dramatically reduce medical response times in remote areas, blending engineering, logistics, and medicine to save lives and foster global health-tech partnerships.

Mining Africa’s STEM Potential

Africa’s digital revolution is driven by innovators who see data as the new frontier of wealth creation. Dr Nneile Nkholise, a South African mechanical engineer, has harnessed data in creating 3D-printed prosthetics through her company, iMed Tech. Her work addresses healthcare infrastructure challenges, enhancing lives and showcasing the potential of digital fabrication technologies on the continent.

Dr Rebecca Enonchong, a Cameroonian tech entrepreneur, further demonstrates how data can propel inclusive growth. Her company, AppsTech, has delivered enterprise software solutions to over 50 countries, affirming Africa’s capability to export technological expertise.

STEM Stars

Mentorship and education are twin engines propelling African STEM leaders onto the global stage. Initiatives such as Africa Code Week, supported by global partners, have trained over 10 million young Africans in coding and programming since 2015. These programmes ensure that the brilliance of STEM luminaries continues to inspire aspiring innovators.

For example, Ghana’s Ivy Barley founded Developers in Vogue to empower African women with tech skills, addressing gender disparity in STEM. Her work enables a generation of women to shatter glass ceilings with algorithms and code.

Africa must invest in its STEM ecosystem to sustain this wave of innovation. Currently, the continent contributes less than 1% of global scientific research output, according to UNESCO. This stark statistic underscores the urgent need for greater funding and institutional support. Initiatives such as the African Union’s Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa 2024 (STISA-2024) aim to address this gap, but progress requires concerted efforts from governments, private sectors, and international partners.

Writing the Next Chapter

The story of African icons in STEM is one of resilience, ingenuity, and boundless potential. By addressing local challenges with solutions of global relevance, they are shaping a future where African innovation takes centre stage in tackling humanity’s greatest problems. The baobab of African STEM has taken root, and its branches will only grow stronger, shading the world with the promise of progress.

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